Some useful parameters

Dielectric constant 

Metals have infinite Dielectric constant 

As usually metals permittivity is very large than of free space hence its Dielectric constant is nearly infinite. 

Simple 2.4GHz dipole antenna program in MATLAB

Below is simple MATLAB code for 2.4GHz dipole antenna. Normally the length of this dipole is λ/2

λ=c/f

c is speed of light i.e. 300000000 m/s

And f here is 2.4GHz 

And we found λ/2 to be 0.0625

We used length here to be 0.0600 since for this length we get good VSWR or we can say reflection is low.

Code:

d = dipole('Width',0.000525, 'Length',0.060) %This shows the length and width of the dipole

%You can calculate the length as per lambda/2 and then optimize according to VSWR/Reflection coefficient you get

show(d)

freq = linspace(2e9,2.7e9,51); %This is frequency sweep

figure;

pattern(d,2.4e9)

figure;

vswr(d,freq,50) 

Below are the output figures

Radiation Pattern of the antenna is almost Omni-directional and it's like a donut shape.

In the figure below, you can see VSWR is below 2 and this is good value 

Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar

FMCW is a Radar which measures both speed and distance of the target object. In CW Radar only speed is measured while in FMCW both speed and distance is measured. This distance measurement is achieved by frequency modulated wave.

There are different frequency modulation waveforms are used such as sawtooth, triangular, square, sine, and stepped modulation. 

Amongst these Sawtooth and Traingular are most widely used to change the frequency of EM wave.

How does it work???

updating...

Python script for calculation of Radial velocity of target using CWR

Script:

Output:

Continuous Wave Radar

 

Assume 

The E-field transmitted can be written as below

The returned E-field at some time later is

Time it took to travel to and from the object(target) is

Substituting

The received frequency can be calculated by taking time derivative of the quantity in red above and dividing by 2pi

 

Here,  

 

  

 

The blue coloured quantity above is nothing but he Doppler shift frequency.

Here the sign essentially indicates the target moving direction

If the doppler shift is negative then the target is moving away from the radar and vice versa

And thus the velocity can be written as

Verilog

 

Introduction to Verilog

Verilog is a type of Hardware Description Language (HDL). Verilog is one of the two languages used by education and business to design FPGAs and ASICs.

Digital design fundamentals

System Design Technologies

There are four design technologies:

1. Fixed-Function IC 
2. Full Custom ASIC
3. Semi Custom ASIC
4. PLD Technology

Fixed-Function IC

In this type  the IC is designed for a fixed application. We call it as ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit).

Here the cost of making a single IC  is very much high. Also time to market is high.

Full Custom ASIC

A full custom ASIC is one where mostly all the blocks(logic blocks) are customized. A microprocessor is an example of Full custom ASIC.

Semi Custom ASIC

Here all the logic cells are predesigned and some(possibly all) the mask layers are customized. Using the predesigned cells in the library makes the design easy.

PLD Technology

Programmable logic devices are special ICs that are available in market in standard configurations. They can be configured to create a part customized to a specific application and hence belong to family of ASICS